Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services soil ecosystems

Soil ecosystem services (ESS) are fundamental for meeting societal needs such as food and energy provision and for overcoming societal challenges like climate change mitigation and adaptation. The MAES (Mapping and Assessment on Ecosystems and their Services) Soil Pilot aims to increase awareness on the importance of soil ecosystem services and to show their value. It. This report provides the most comprehensive overview of soil ESS and provides practical guidance and capacity building on methods and tools for assessing soil ESS. All ESS included in this report meet the criteria of being goods or services that are provided by the ecosystem, used by humans, and contributing to human well-being.